DENTISTRY. The first information about dental diseases belongs to the pre-class society: paleopathology presents reliable evidence of dental caries and damage to the facial skull in primitive man

 

History of medicine

New time

CLINICAL MEDICINE OF NEW TIME (1640-1918)

DENTISTRY

 

Dentistry (from the Greek. Stoma, somatos - mouth and logos - teaching) —to study about diseases of the oral organs and the maxillofacial area, methods of their diagnosis, treatment and prevention. As a clinical discipline, it has several directions: therapeutic dentistry, surgical dentistry, prosthetic dentistry, pediatric dentistry, etc.

 

In Russian medieval manuscripts on medicine (medical books and herbalists), dental diseases also received considerable attention. Folk healers of teeth (teeth-portages) widely used herbal medicinal products (camphor, herbal infusions, poultices from seeds, etc.), strengthened the teeth with wire "tires", knew how to impose on the "chaffwort" in zuoah fillings.

 

 

The first information about dental diseases belongs to the pre-class society: paleopathology presents reliable evidence of dental caries and damage to the facial skull in primitive man.

 

In the countries of the ancient world (Babylonia, Assyria, Egypt), dental diseases were attributed to the presence of a “worm that grows in a tooth”. Diseases of the teeth and oral cavity were treated with the help of medical pastes and solutions. Traces of operative dentistry (for example, filling carious cavities) were not found even in the mummies of the pharaohs (see p. 65). Nevertheless, the healer of teeth in ancient Egypt was held in high esteem; he was called "he who cares about his teeth." When Pharaoh served as the "chief dentist of the Great House."

 

 

Dental diseases, their prevention and conservative healing are described in the “Hyp-pokratovy collection”, the writings of Aristotle, the writings of the doctors of ancient Rome. Ancient Roman dentures are known (Etruscan culture, see Fig. 51 on page IZ).

 

In the "Canon of Medicine" Ibn Sina presented extensive information about teething, their growth and structure at different ages, described the numerous symptoms of diseases of the teeth and oral cavity, known at the time of their treatment methods

 

 

Beginning in 1654 (when the first. Lekarskaya school was opened in the Moscow State), dentistry skills were taught to future healers. This was due to the fact that a significant part of the healers was sent to serve in the army, where they required knowledge of operative dentistry and the fight against scurvy. As anti-scoring agents in military garrisons, malt, cyvo, wine vinegar, sbiten were distributed to all ranks. In 1672, when mass diseases of scurvy arose in the Russian army near Astrakhan, a special letter was sent to Prince A. A. Golitsyn to order to make in Kazan “two hundred buckets of pine tops soaking in wine and in Nizhny Novgorod to make one hundred buckets and send that wine to Astrakhan and give that wine to Astrakhan to service people from scurvy. ”

 

For the first time, the right to practice dentistry in Russia was granted to Frenchman Francois Dubble in 1710. In the same year, the title of “dentist” was introduced in Russia. Dentistry skills have been taught more widely in the course of surgery.

 

 

As an independent field of medicine, dentistry was distinguished only at the end of the 17th - the beginning of the 18th centuries. The activities of the French surgeon Pierre Fauchard (Fauchard, Pierre, 1678–1761) contributed greatly to this. He went from a barber to a surgeon and gained wide popularity as a private dentist. P. Vor-shar described about 130 diseases of the teeth and diseases of the oral cavity, studied the causes of their occurrence and characteristics of the course. On the basis of his studies, he made one of the first classifications of dental diseases. His major work, “Tooth Surgery, or Dentistry” (“Le chirur-gien-dentiste, ou traite des dents”, 1728) was the first guideline in which scientific and practical knowledge on dentistry was systematized.

 

P. Foshar also made a significant contribution to dental prosthetics: he improved palatal obturators, applied gold caps and a porcelain coating for artificial teeth; He was inspired by the idea of ​​using special springs to hold complete, removable dentures in the mouth. He was involved in correcting defects in the abnormal growth of teeth and jaws, and is rightly considered the founder of orthodontics - the section of prosthetic dentistry.

 

 

In the Russian literature of the late XVIII - early XIX century. Diseases of the teeth and their treatment are covered in surgery guidelines. Thus, in “The Art of Povivania, or the Science of the Babi Case” (1784–1786), N. M. Maksimovich-Ambodik described in detail oral diseases during pregnancy (pulpitis, gum disease, thrush, i.e. stomatitis), defects frenulum of tongue; proposed surgical treatment of hare lip. P. A. Zagorsky in "Contracted Anatomy ..." (1802) detailed the basics of the anatomy of the maxillofacial region. I.F. Bush in the “Guide to teaching surgery” (1807-1808) presented the basics of therapeutic and surgical dentistry, denture care and prevention of dental diseases.

 

Russian surgeons have made a significant contribution to the development of surgical dentistry. I. V. Buyalsky for the first time introduced the operation of resection of the upper jaw about the neoplasm, successfully performed plastic operations (restoration of the lower lip from the skin of the chin), developed a new dental instrument. A large number of dental operations performed N. I. Pirogov; he developed methods of plastic surgery on the face (for example, rhinoplasty), manufactured sets of surgical instruments, which also included dental instruments.

 

 

In the first half of the XIX century. Translated and original works on dentistry and maxillofacial surgery began to be published in Russian. Among them are the monograph by K.- F. von Grefe (Graefe, Karl Ferdinand von, 1787–1840) “Rhinoplastik” (“Rhinoplasty”, 1818), translated in 1821 from the German language by A. Nikitin, and the book by B. Ghana ( V. Hahn) "Recognition and treatment of scrofulous English disease and difficult teething in children" (1829).

 

In 1829, A. Dostika, or dental art, by A. M. Sobolev, was published, which was the encyclopedia of the newest for that time knowledge in the field of dentistry (therapeutic and surgical dentistry, orthopedics and orthodontics, and prevention of dental diseases). The second part of this book, entitled “Children's Hygiene”, is devoted to preventive measures and recommendations for the care of children of different ages, aimed at improving the health of children in general and the dento-maxillary system in particular. The prevention of dental diseases was the subject of the book "St. Petersburg Dentist", written by B. S. Wagenheim, a dentist, a foreigner who served in Russia. According to his estimates, dental care in St. Petersburg in the first half of the XIX century. corresponded to dentistry in the West, and in some respects ni superior to him. So, already then, in all St. Petersburg institutions of higher education, preventive dental examinations were carried out, followed by rehabilitation of the oral cavity.

 

 

In the first half of the XIX century. Dentistry was mainly practiced by doctors, who had the right to treat all diseases and perform all operations without exception. Specialization in dentistry was a rare occurrence. Thus, in 1809, according to the Russian Medical List, which contains information about specialists in the field of medicine, there were only 18 dentists in Russia; most of them were foreigners, often without any general medical or dental education. The first on this list was Ilya Luzgin, who is considered one of the first Russian dentists (from among Russian-born people).

 

Further development of dentistry is closely connected with the development of new methods and devices for dentistry: the manufacture of artificial gold crowns (1756), the filling of teeth with silver amalgam (1819) and special cements (1858), the use of arsenous acid (1836), the invention of dental forceps of the modern form (1840 ) and foot drill (1870), the opening of anesthesia (1846) and the introduction of anesthesia in dentistry and maxillofacial surgery (Fig. 149).

 

Fig. 149. The first use of ether anesthesia by W. Morton (September 16, 1846) during surgery for a tumor in the neck, operated by Dr. J. Warren

 

Since 1838, dental doctors have been called dentists. They received the right to independent dental practice after passing special exams at the Medical-Surgical Academy and at medical faculties. universities (on the anatomy of the maxillofacial area, dental diseases, gums and medicinal substances used in dental practice). In addition, it was necessary to perform several dental operations and demonstrate the ability to insert artificial teeth.

 

 

For the entire first half of the XIX century. in St. Petersburg, 54 doctors passed the exam and obtained the right to the dental practice, of which one woman was Maria Nason, of Polish origin. It is clear that healers, medical assistants, medical assistants and barbers continued to provide dental care to the general population, while dentists served the higher strata of society, served in higher educational institutions and mainly engaged in dental prosthetics.

 

In the middle of the XIX century. Significant changes have occurred in the teaching of dentistry. The widespread practice of training dentists through apprenticeship has been replaced by a system of education in special dental schools. The first such school was opened in Baltimore (USA) in 1840. Later, dental schools appeared in England (1857), France (1880), Russia (1881), Switzerland (1881), Germany (1884) and other countries.

 

 

The first private dental school in Russia (1881) was opened in St. Petersburg by F. I. Vazhinsky. In order to obtain the title of dentist with the right to prescribe drugs, graduates of this school had to pass special examinations at the Military Medical Academy or at the university’s medical faculty. In this regard, dental schools opened only in university cities. In Moscow, the first dental school was organized in 1892 by I. M. Kovarsky. In 1898, nine dental schools functioned in Russia, by 1916 there were more than 20. Teaching in dental schools was conducted on a broad scientific basis with the obligatory study of anatomy, chemistry, physics, physiology, histology, general surgery, and pharmacology. Special disciplines were taught according to the textbook of I. I. Khrushchev, "Complete Dental Course" (1886), in which all sections of dentistry were outlined with a deep knowledge of theory and practice.

 

 

In 1891, the Law “On the Transformation of Dental Education” was issued. He established two titles for dentists: "dentist" and "dentist". The title of "dentist" was conferred. Trained by apprenticeship in private offices (which existed in. Throughout the XIX century), the title of "dentist" - trained in private dental schools. Special educational institutions for the preparation of dental technicians have not yet been. They continued to rank as a jewelry shop.

 

Since 1885, at the Medical Faculty of Moscow University on the initiative of N. V. Sklifosovsky, the first associate professor of dentistry was established. In St. Petersburg, the first associate dental education school was opened in 1892 at the Military Medical Academy. In the same year, the first in Russia independent department of dentistry was organized in St. Petersburg; its founder, A. K. Lim-berg, began to read an independent course of lectures on dentistry at the Clinical Institute for Advanced Medical Studies.

 

 

Despite the expansion of dental training, the provision of dental care remained low. Thus, in 1902, with a total population of Russia of 140 million people, there were 221 specialists in dentistry in the country, that is, one doctor accounted for 60 thousand people.

 

 

Dentistry "(founder -A. K. Limberg); later it became known as the St. Petersburg Dental Society. The first Moscow Dental Society was organized in 1891. It consisted of M. M. Chemodanov, G. I. Vilga, I. M. Kovarsky, P. G. Dauge. Scientific dental societies were created in Kiev, Odessa, Tiflis and other cities of the country. They rallied dentists around themselves, contributed to the progress of science, organized and held scientific congresses of dentists (the first was held in 1896 in Nizhny Novgorod). In 1899, the Russian Dental Society was created.

 

The first in Russia periodical in dentistry “Dental Herald”, founded by A. P. Sinitsyn, was published from 1885 to 1917. In addition to it, Odontological Review journals (from 1899 to 1915) and “Dentistry "(Since 1906)

 

The history of medicine